Thanks for all the interesting replies! Given the response, I decided to make a whole community around this, hope you’ll consider joining!
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Obvious choice: Primer
There’s also a decent tng episode that has this exact premise.
It seems this is an entire genre though, so Wikipedia does have a list of time loop movies. Maybe check if any of those short descriptions seem to fit your tastes?
Bloody great TNG episode, unsurprising that it was written by the director of the new Cosmos series