Then why do you think manufacturers still list these failure rates (to be sure, it is marked as a limit, not an actual rate)? I’m not being sarcastic or facetious, but genuinely curious. Do you know for certain that it doesn’t happen regularly? During a scrub, these are the kinds of errors that are quietly corrected (althouhg the scrub log would list them), as they are during normal operation (also logged).

My theory is that they are being cautious and/or perhaps don’t have any high-confidence data that is more recent.

Bit error rates have barely improved since then. So the probability of an error whenr reading a substantial fraction of a disk is now higher than it was in 2013.

But as others have pointed out. RAID is not, and never was, a substitute for a backup. Its purpose is to increase availability. And if that is critical to your enterprise, these things need to be taken into account, and it may turn out that raidz1 with 8 TB disks is fine for your application, or it may not. For private use, I wouldn’t fret. but make frequent backups.

This article was not about total disk failure, but about the much more insidious undetected bit error.

Let’s do the math:

The error-reate of modern hard disks is usually on the order of one undetectable error per 1E15 bits read, see for example the data sheet for the Seagate Exos 7E10. An 8 TB disk contains 6.4E13 (usable) bits, so when reading the whole disk you have roughly a 1 in 16 chance of an unrecoverable read error. Which is ok with zfs if all disks are working. The error-correction will detect and correct it. But during a resilver it can be a big problem.

I also use this, and it works great. Another downside is that when using the free service, others can just use subdomains of your registered domains. You can always deny it, but you have to do it manually. With the premium subscriptions you can prevent that automatically for a number of domains, depending on how much you pay.

To add, unlike “traditional” RAID, ZFS is also a volume manager and can have an arbitrary number of dynamic “partitions” sharing the same storage pool (literally called a “pool” in zfs). It also uses checksumming to determine if data has been corrupted. On redundant setups it will then quietly repair the corrupted parts with the redundant information while reading.

ebay is very international, and is also by far the greatest site for second-hand stuff in most European countries. I normally buy my used drives there.

mixing drive models is certainly not going to do any harm

It may, performance-wise, but usually not enough to matter for a small self-hosting servers.

Sure, SCSI disks will show their defective list (“primary defects”, as delivered by the factory, and grown defects, accumulated during use), and they all have a couple hundred primary defects. But I don’t see why that would affect the reported geometry, given that it is fictional, anway. And all disks have enough spare tracks to accommodate for the defects, and offer the specified full number of total sectors, even for long list of grown defects. Incidentally, all the 4TB disks are still “perfect” in that they have no grown defects.

And yes, ever since LBA, nobody has used sectors and cylinders for anything.

I’m not touching that post again. But a small rant about typesetting in lemmy: It seems there is no way whatsoever to put angle brackets in a “code” section. In an overzealous attempt to prevent HTML injection, everything in angle brackets is just removed when posting (although it remains there in preview). In normal text, you can use “<”, but not inside “code” segments, where it will be retained verbatim.

If you’re as paranoid as me about data integrity, SAS drives on a host adapter card in “Initiator Target” (IT) mode with write-cache on the disks disabled is the safest. It will degrade performance when writing many small files concurrently, but not as badly as with SATA drives (that’s for spinning disks, of course, not SSD). With a good error-correcting redundant system such as ZFS you can probably get away with enabled write cache in most cases. Until you can’t.

RAID is generally a good thing but don’t get complacent, follow the 3-2-1 method

To expand on that: Redundant drive setup and backups serve completely different purposes. The only overlap is in case of a single disk failure, where RAID (or similar) may save the data.

Redundancy is all about reducing downtime in case of single hardware failures. Backups not only protect you from data loss in case of multiple simultaneous failures, but also from accidental deletion. Failures that require restoration of data almost always involve downtime. In short: You always need backups (unless it’s strictly a local cache, and easily recreatable), but if you want high availability, redundancy may help.

3-2-1-rule for backups, in case you’re unfamiliar: 3 copies of important data, on 2 different media, with 1 off-site.

Thanks, that seems like it. So not only Jeppesen is affected.

As an update, the picture has now changed to a stylized map Europe, which is a bit weird.

Also: “Ransomware as a Service”. That’s how screwed up the IT world is.

Thanks.

Thanks. Right now I’m away from the machine so can’t look, but I’ll keep an eye open for a T420 mainboard and a second CPU, then. It’ll still be a decent machine, I think, with two E5-2470 V2. DDR3 ECC-RAM is also dirt cheap these days.

Clearly you neither read my post nor looked into what the air baffle in the T320 actually looks like. So whats your point?

It’s much more than a fan shroud. It’s a baffle specifically designed to guide cooling air over the CPU heatsinks and the RAM modules. This kind of airflow design is very common in servers. I wouldn’t trust it without, especially since the CPU heatsinks have no dedicated fans, but rely on the aerodynamic functioning of the baffle.

And yes, I know they are very similar, in fact I am quite (but not absolutely) certain that they are identical except for the actual second CPU socket. It’s almost as if you didn’t read my post. Even the soldering points for the second CPU socket are there in the single-CPU T320. They certainly won’t have different PSU connectors. They even share part numbers for the case.

I’d have to check the baffle shape again. But thanks for the insight.

I don’t think there’s anything intrinsically wrong, but far as I can see you are using only a single disk for the zfs pool, which will give you integrity checks (know when something is corrupted), but no way to fix it.

Since this is, by today’s standards, a tiny disk at 100G, I assume this is just a test setup? I’m not sure zfs is particularly well suited for virtual machines, I think it is better to have the host handle the physical data integrity by having the disk image on a zfs filesystem, or giving the VM a zfs volume (block device) directly.

Here are my thoughts.

One part certainly is that you need to pay for more infrastructure, without a real benefit for the airline. Passenger boarding/deplaning is not the bottleneck for turnaround. Evidence: after boarding, you normally sit around for quite some time before the plane starts moving. You also need a flight attendant at each door, who is then bound up and cannot perform other duties.

With airstairs, it’s different, because you often need buses, and you always need security personnel, and the faster you get all people off the apron, the better for everyone, so in that case, time is a factor.

Using airstairs in combination with the jetbridge introduces the security angle again, so you basically have the worst of both worlds, and have to pay for the jetbridge privilege and for security personnel. And if you don’t separate the passengers by row properly, you won’t even gain a lot, because more people have to pass each other in the aisles. As you have found out, passing through the door isn’t actually the bottleneck, but stowing carry-on luggage and finding the right seat, and waiting for the aisle passenger to get up and let you get into your window seat.

P.S. I don’t think it’s a good idea to post this to two different communities. If you want to reach both, just post a short link to the discussion on the other community.

Umm. That video is 2 years old. So is there any new news?

And as with all these, including the Terrafugia Transition, the Klein AirCar will be both a bad car, and a bad plane. There are just too many conflicting requirements to make any single vehicle perform well in both areas. In almost all practical cases, everyone will be better off with a plane and a cars (or 10 cars, one at each airfield to which one flies regularly), instead of one of these, and it will be cheaper, too. And available now. And faster (92 knots cruise? Really? A Cherokee 140 is faster), have higher payloads, etc., etc.